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Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) exam is designed to test a candidate's knowledge and skills in securing container-based applications and Kubernetes platforms. Kubernetes has become the de facto standard for container orchestration and management, and as more organizations adopt this technology, the need for trained professionals who can secure and manage these environments becomes critical. The CKS certification is an industry-recognized credential that demonstrates a candidate's proficiency in Kubernetes security concepts and practices.

Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Certification Exam is a globally recognized certification program designed to validate the knowledge, skills, and expertise of professionals in securing Kubernetes clusters. Kubernetes is a popular container orchestration platform used by organizations worldwide, and security is a critical aspect of its deployment. The CKS certification exam is designed to ensure that professionals possess the necessary knowledge and skills to secure Kubernetes environments effectively.

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Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Certification Exam is a highly sought-after certification for professionals who want to demonstrate their mastery of Kubernetes security concepts and best practices. The CKS exam is designed to test the candidate's ability to secure containerized applications running on Kubernetes clusters. It is an advanced-level certification exam that requires a deep understanding of Kubernetes architecture, security principles, and best practices.

Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) Sample Questions (Q17-Q22):

NEW QUESTION # 17
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes: Cluster: trace Master node: master Worker node: worker1 You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command: [desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context trace Given: You may use Sysdig or Falco documentation. Task: Use detection tools to detect anomalies like processes spawning and executing something weird frequently in the single container belonging to Pod tomcat. Two tools are available to use: 1. falco 2. sysdig Tools are pre-installed on the worker1 node only. Analyse the container's behaviour for at least 40 seconds, using filters that detect newly spawning and executing processes. Store an incident file at /home/cert_masters/report, in the following format: [timestamp],[uid],[processName] Note: Make sure to store incident file on the cluster's worker node, don't move it to master node.

Answer:

Explanation:
$vim /etc/falco/falco_rules.local.yaml
- rule: Container Drift Detected (open+create)
desc: New executable created in a container due to open+create
condition: >
evt.type in (open,openat,creat) and
evt.is_open_exec=true and
container and
not runc_writing_exec_fifo and
not runc_writing_var_lib_docker and
not user_known_container_drift_activities and
evt.rawres>=0
output: >
%evt.time,%user.uid,%proc.name # Add this/Refer falco documentation
priority: ERROR
$kill -1 <PID of falco>
Explanation
[desk@cli] $ ssh node01 [node01@cli] $ vim /etc/falco/falco_rules.yaml search for Container Drift Detected & paste in falco_rules.local.yaml [node01@cli] $ vim /etc/falco/falco_rules.local.yaml
- rule: Container Drift Detected (open+create)
desc: New executable created in a container due to open+create
condition: >
evt.type in (open,openat,creat) and
evt.is_open_exec=true and
container and
not runc_writing_exec_fifo and
not runc_writing_var_lib_docker and
not user_known_container_drift_activities and
evt.rawres>=0
output: >
%evt.time,%user.uid,%proc.name # Add this/Refer falco documentation
priority: ERROR
[node01@cli] $ vim /etc/falco/falco.yaml

NEW QUESTION # 18
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.

Answer:

Explanation:
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....

NEW QUESTION # 19
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context stage
Context:
A PodSecurityPolicy shall prevent the creation of privileged Pods in a specific namespace.
Task:
1. Create a new PodSecurityPolcy named deny-policy, which prevents the creation of privileged Pods.
2. Create a new ClusterRole name deny-access-role, which uses the newly created PodSecurityPolicy deny-policy.
3. Create a new ServiceAccount named psd-denial-sa in the existing namespace development.
Finally, create a new ClusterRoleBindind named restrict-access-bind, which binds the newly created ClusterRole deny-access-role to the newly created ServiceAccount psp-denial-sa

Answer:

Explanation:
Create psp to disallow privileged container
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: deny-access-role
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- "deny-policy"
k create sa psp-denial-sa -n development
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: restrict-access-bing
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: deny-access-role
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: psp-denial-sa
namespace: development
Explanation
master1 $ vim psp.yaml
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-policy
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
master1 $ vim cr1.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: deny-access-role
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- "deny-policy"
master1 $ k create sa psp-denial-sa -n development
master1 $ vim cb1.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: restrict-access-bing
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: deny-access-role
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:
# Authorize specific service accounts:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: psp-denial-sa
namespace: development
master1 $ k apply -f psp.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cr1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cb1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/ master1 $ k apply -f cr1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cb1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f psp.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cr1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cb1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/

NEW QUESTION # 20
SIMULATION
Create a PSP that will prevent the creation of privileged pods in the namespace.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-privileged-policy which prevents the creation of privileged pods.
Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace default.
Create a new ClusterRole named prevent-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-privileged-policy.
Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named prevent-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole prevent-role to the created SA psp-sa.
Also, Check the Configuration is working or not by trying to Create a Privileged pod, it should get failed.

Answer:

Explanation:
Create a PSP that will prevent the creation of privileged pods in the namespace.
$ cat clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: use-privileged-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- default-psp
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: privileged-role-bind
namespace: psp-test
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: use-privileged-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: privileged-sa
$ kubectl -n psp-test apply -f clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
After a few moments, the privileged Pod should be created.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-privileged-policy which prevents the creation of privileged pods.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: example
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
# The rest fills in some required fields.
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
And create it with kubectl:
kubectl-admin create -f example-psp.yaml
Now, as the unprivileged user, try to create a simple pod:
kubectl-user create -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pause
spec:
containers:
- name: pause
image: k8s.gcr.io/pause
EOF
The output is similar to this:
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "STDIN": pods "pause" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy: [] Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace default.
$ cat clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: use-privileged-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- default-psp
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: privileged-role-bind
namespace: psp-test
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: use-privileged-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: privileged-sa
$ kubectl -n psp-test apply -f clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
After a few moments, the privileged Pod should be created.
Create a new ClusterRole named prevent-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-privileged-policy.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: example
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
# The rest fills in some required fields.
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
And create it with kubectl:
kubectl-admin create -f example-psp.yaml
Now, as the unprivileged user, try to create a simple pod:
kubectl-user create -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pause
spec:
containers:
- name: pause
image: k8s.gcr.io/pause
EOF
The output is similar to this:
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "STDIN": pods "pause" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy: [] Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named prevent-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole prevent-role to the created SA psp-sa.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
# This role binding allows "jane" to read pods in the "default" namespace.
# You need to already have a Role named "pod-reader" in that namespace.
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: read-pods
namespace: default
subjects:
# You can specify more than one "subject"
- kind: User
name: jane # "name" is case sensitive
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
# "roleRef" specifies the binding to a Role / ClusterRole
kind: Role #this must be Role or ClusterRole
name: pod-reader # this must match the name of the Role or ClusterRole you wish to bind to apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata:
namespace: default
name: pod-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group
resources: ["pods"]
verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]

NEW QUESTION # 21
SIMULATION
a. Retrieve the content of the existing secret named default-token-xxxxx in the testing namespace.
Store the value of the token in the token.txt
b. Create a new secret named test-db-secret in the DB namespace with the following content:
username: mysql
password: password@123
Create the Pod name test-db-pod of image nginx in the namespace db that can access test-db-secret via a volume at path /etc/mysql-credentials

Answer:

Explanation:
To add a Kubernetes cluster to your project, group, or instance:
Navigate to your:
Project's Operations > Kubernetes page, for a project-level cluster.
Group's Kubernetes page, for a group-level cluster.
Admin Area > Kubernetes page, for an instance-level cluster.
Click Add Kubernetes cluster.
Click the Add existing cluster tab and fill in the details:
Kubernetes cluster name (required) - The name you wish to give the cluster.
Environment scope (required) - The associated environment to this cluster.
API URL (required) - It's the URL that GitLab uses to access the Kubernetes API. Kubernetes exposes several APIs, we want the "base" URL that is common to all of them. For example, https://kubernetes.example.com rather than https://kubernetes.example.com/api/v1.
Get the API URL by running this command:
kubectl cluster-info | grep -E 'Kubernetes master|Kubernetes control plane' | awk '/http/ {print $NF}' CA certificate (required) - A valid Kubernetes certificate is needed to authenticate to the cluster. We use the certificate created by default.
List the secrets with kubectl get secrets, and one should be named similar to default-token-xxxxx. Copy that token name for use below.
Get the certificate by running this command:
kubectl get secret <secret name> -o jsonpath="{['data']['ca.crt']}"

NEW QUESTION # 22
......

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100% Pass 2025 Linux Foundation CKS The Best New Exam Guide

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Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) Sample Questions (Q17-Q22):

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